国

Country

Level 32

How this kanji evolved

Explore each form from the oldest known stage to today.

The character 国 (guó) evolved from ancient pictographs representing a walled city or territory. In its earliest forms during the Shang Dynasty, it depicted a geographical area marked by boundaries. The character transformed significantly over time - from oracle bone script showing enclosed land, to bronze inscriptions adding weapons (戈) symbolizing defense, to the modern form with 囗 (enclosure) surrounding 玉 (jade/treasure), representing a precious sovereign state. The Japanese simplification to 国 during the Meiji period removed one dot from the traditional 國 character, making it simpler while retaining the meaning of a bounded nation containing valued elements. Arrived in Japan: The character arrived in Japan around the 5th-6th centuries CE during the period when Chinese writing system was introduced to Japan through Korean scribes and Buddhist texts. The traditional form 國 was used until the post-WWII period when the simplified 国 was officially adopted in the Tōyō kanji list of 1946.

Reading reference

Onyomi (音読み)

コク

Kunyomi (訓読み)

くに

Related Vocabulary

愛国心
patriotic feelings, patriotism
英国
United Kingdom, Britain, Great Britain
我が国
our country, our land, one's own country
外国
foreign country
外国人
foreigner, foreign citizen, foreign national, alien, non-Japanese
韓国
South Korea, Republic of Korea, Korean Empire (1897-1910)
君主国
monarchy (country)
国
country, state, region, national government, central government, home (i.e. hometown, home country), province (of Japan), land, earth
国益
national interest
国王
king, queen, monarch, sovereign, the Crown (as a focus of authority in the UK, etc.), the throne